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          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">基本放大电路</h1>
        

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        <h2 id="放大的概念"><a href="#放大的概念" class="headerlink" title="放大的概念"></a>放大的概念</h2><p>放大的对象：变化量（常用正弦波）<br>放大的本质：能量的控制和转换，利用<strong>有源元件</strong>实现<br>放大的特征：功率放大 <em>判断电路能否放大的基本出发点</em><br>放大的基本要求：不失真</p>
<h2 id="放大电路的性能指标"><a href="#放大电路的性能指标" class="headerlink" title="放大电路的性能指标"></a>放大电路的性能指标</h2><p><strong>研究的是动态性能</strong></p>
<p>对信号而言，任何放大电路均可看成二端口网络。</p>
<p><img src="http://m.qpic.cn/psc?/V11NehB63qJi50/9vuGDcz9AP*EJeMjs9i.nkhpXd97NW7zJT9uGnX1BtrhD1In3Bs8tag4LD8s4Dd6*fOCHI2laW3Ge10HDcAIgo50*G7wBHxFE2luJHu4VKY!/b&amp;bo=oAMHAQAAAAADB4c!&amp;rf=viewer_4" alt="alt"></p>
<p>物理量表示为复数，表明即研究其幅值又研究其相位。</p>
<h3 id="研究参数"><a href="#研究参数" class="headerlink" title="研究参数"></a>研究参数</h3><p>放大倍数：输出量与输入量之比</p>
<script type="math/tex; mode=display">
\dot{A_{uu}}=\dot{A_u}=\frac{\dot{U_o}}{\dot{U_i}}</script><p>电压放大倍数</p>
<script type="math/tex; mode=display">
R_i=\frac{U_i}{I_i}</script><p>输入电阻</p>
<script type="math/tex; mode=display">
R_o=\frac{U'_o-U_o}{\frac{U_o}{R_L}}=(\frac{U'_o}{U_o}-1)R_L</script><p>输出电阻</p>
<h3 id="通频带"><a href="#通频带" class="headerlink" title="通频带"></a>通频带</h3><p><img src="http://m.qpic.cn/psc?/V11NehB63qJi50/9vuGDcz9AP*EJeMjs9i.nvvUZrQocU4PFM4Yrt1dYgK2nV8yD3TFPDwA8aoLkyd4lfTTN6BUqX4qQzRTe1hktdJIBxq3DRYzKS1l8q3tv5s!/b&amp;bo=TwPHAAAAAAADB6k!&amp;rf=viewer_4" alt="alt"></p>
<p>衡量放大电路对不同频率信号的适应能力。<br>由于电容、电感及半导体元件的电容效应，使放大电路在信号频率较低和较高时电压放大倍数数值下降，并产生相移。</p>
<h2 id="基本共射放大电路的组成及各元件的作用"><a href="#基本共射放大电路的组成及各元件的作用" class="headerlink" title="基本共射放大电路的组成及各元件的作用"></a>基本共射放大电路的组成及各元件的作用</h2><p><img src="http://m.qpic.cn/psc?/V11NehB63qJi50/9vuGDcz9AP*EJeMjs9i.nkfxpHIc23lCii*sne6nSeRAV0sU9pRTND.GAJFN1q8hPJEyo22KuwdckdFWewqNvXUZYOXtBPzRnUDqWBPSaM0!/b&amp;bo=YgHxAAAAAAADB7A!&amp;rf=viewer_4" alt="alt"></p>
<p>共射:基极和发射极构成输入回路，集电极和发射极构成输出回路。</p>
<p>T：有源元件，能够控制能量的元件<br>$V<em>{BB}、R_b$:使$U</em>{BE}&gt;U<em>{on}$,且有合适的$I_B$<br>$V</em>{CC}$:使$U<em>{CE}\le U</em>{BE}$,同时作为负载的能源<br>$R<em>c$:将$\Delta i_c$转换成$\Delta u</em>{CE}$</p>
<p>当输入电压$u_i$为0时，晶体管各级的电流、b-e间的电压、管压降称为静态工作点Q</p>
<h3 id="设置静态工作点的必要性"><a href="#设置静态工作点的必要性" class="headerlink" title="设置静态工作点的必要性"></a>设置静态工作点的必要性</h3><p>在实际中我们被放大的信号通常很小，我们需要预先将抬高基极电位，使三极管的发射结处于导通状态(发射结正偏)。这时三极管才能正常放大。</p>
<p>而对于输出来讲，如果集电极的直流工作点设置过低，那么这个电压信号在上升的时候就有可能被削去波形的下侧（底部失真），如果设置的过高，就有可能被削去波形的上侧（顶部失真），使被放大的信号不能正常输出。</p>
<p><img src="http://m.qpic.cn/psc?/V11NehB63qJi50/9vuGDcz9AP*EJeMjs9i.nsHjLGxMhCDlzI*YL1YITiHxeBmmeqo1pwc2097IdRowO5fIiMKyVYsfcKlKC6FWCgnLOZpdsN4A8KmOF6RQsfU!/b&amp;bo=zwJZAQAAAAADB7c!&amp;rf=viewer_4" alt="alt"></p>
<h2 id="放大电路的组成原则和两种实用的基本放大电路"><a href="#放大电路的组成原则和两种实用的基本放大电路" class="headerlink" title="放大电路的组成原则和两种实用的基本放大电路"></a>放大电路的组成原则和两种实用的基本放大电路</h2><h3 id="放大电路的组成原则"><a href="#放大电路的组成原则" class="headerlink" title="放大电路的组成原则"></a>放大电路的组成原则</h3><ul>
<li>静态工作点合适：合适的直流电源、合适的电路参数。</li>
<li>动态信号能够作用于晶体管的输入回路，在负载上能够获得放大了的动态信号。</li>
<li>对实用放大电路的要求：共地、直流电源种类尽可能少、负载上无直流分量。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="直接耦合放大电路"><a href="#直接耦合放大电路" class="headerlink" title="直接耦合放大电路"></a>直接耦合放大电路</h3><p><img src="http://m.qpic.cn/psc?/V11NehB63qJi50/xZikVHqhLrt9jsfqm9tF*ZvXSrCq8oeqY55OsGrIc4Gj4TKWjyvbhyLjjsJsRQ6h*1vFJAVR3PieSwaKEj9FKw!!/b&amp;bo=UgE*AQAAAAADB08!&amp;rf=viewer_4" alt="alt"></p>
<p>静态分析：静态工作点Q时</p>
<script type="math/tex; mode=display">
\begin{cases}
    I_{BQ}=\frac{V_{CC}-U_{BEQ}}{R_{b2}}-\frac{U_{BEQ}}{R_{b1}}\\
    I_{CQ}=\bar{\beta}I_{BQ}\\
    U_{CEQ}=V_{CC}-I_{CQ}R_e\\
\end{cases}</script><p>所以不难看出这个电路优点在于只用了一个电源，缺点在于输入时交流信号经过了电阻，所以有损耗；输出时存在直流分量。</p>
<p>所以常常在输入输出端皆串联电容来解决上述问题得到阻容耦合放大电路。</p>
<h3 id="阻容耦合放大电路"><a href="#阻容耦合放大电路" class="headerlink" title="阻容耦合放大电路"></a>阻容耦合放大电路</h3><p><img src="http://m.qpic.cn/psc?/V11NehB63qJi50/xZikVHqhLrt9jsfqm9tF*S7Tz1xIbjKj0aYl2hE3Uko4RwYrqm7uQawdZTAfGD60dTxML1YQwbqBLkxPCf3kMA!!/b&amp;bo=.gG7AQAAAAADB2M!&amp;rf=viewer_4" alt="alt"></p>
<p>静态分析：静态工作点Q时</p>
<script type="math/tex; mode=display">
\begin{cases}
    I_{BQ}=\frac{V_{CC}-U_{BEQ}}{R_{b}}\\
    I_{CQ}=\bar{\beta}I_{BQ}\\
    U_{CEQ}=V_{CC}-I_{CQ}R_e\\
\end{cases}</script><p>耦合电容的容量应足够大，即对于交流信号近似为短路。其作用是“隔离直流通过交流”。</p>
<p>直接耦合和阻容耦合选择时要根据实际情况，比如所加交流信号变化非常缓慢时，电容造成损耗可能比电阻造成损耗还要大，这时候就该选择直接耦合。</p>
<h3 id="放大电路的直流通路和交流通路"><a href="#放大电路的直流通路和交流通路" class="headerlink" title="放大电路的直流通路和交流通路"></a>放大电路的直流通路和交流通路</h3><p>直流通路：</p>
<ol>
<li>令Us=0，保留Rs；</li>
<li>电容开路；</li>
<li>电感相当于短路（线圈电阻近似为0）。</li>
</ol>
<p>交流通路：</p>
<ol>
<li>大容量电容相当于短路；</li>
<li>直流电源相当于短路（内阻为0）。</li>
</ol>
<p>直流通路时：<br>列晶体管输入、输出回路方程，将UBEQ作为已知条件，令ICQ＝βIBQ，可估算出静态工作点。</p>
<p>交流通路时：<br>确定静态工作点合理后，可以得到输入输出信号的等效电路，便于后续分析。</p>
<h3 id="图解法分析放大电路"><a href="#图解法分析放大电路" class="headerlink" title="图解法分析放大电路"></a>图解法分析放大电路</h3><p>静态分析</p>
<p><img src="http://m.qpic.cn/psc?/V11NehB63qJi50/xZikVHqhLrt9jsfqm9tF*VqIt0a3suq3nQZXufZcuiq6hnIZ39JVIGJWC7gUb6LVoUGVWBVTo1aAIFg0905TQg!!/b&amp;bo=dAQ5AgAAAAADB2k!&amp;rf=viewer_4" alt="alt"></p>
<p>静态分析用于寻找静态工作点。</p>
<p>动态分析</p>
<p><img src="http://m.qpic.cn/psc?/V11NehB63qJi50/xZikVHqhLrt9jsfqm9tF*ecQUbgDXsgotxD6GrJ6.JuqgbCiUPi5Vhggxtxs3so14nZ0aW5SoHET*xulF3C8Rg!!/b&amp;bo=AAVQAgAAAAADB3U!&amp;rf=viewer_4" alt="alt"></p>
<p>动态分析从左边$\Delta u<em>{BE}$,找到$\Delta i</em>{B}$，从右图找到两条对应于$I<em>{BQ}$和$I_B$的曲线,进而得到$\Delta u</em>{CE}$，就可以算出电压放大倍数</p>
<p><strong>注意：输入输出的交流电压是反向的</strong></p>
<h3 id="图解法分析失真"><a href="#图解法分析失真" class="headerlink" title="图解法分析失真"></a>图解法分析失真</h3><h4 id="截止失真"><a href="#截止失真" class="headerlink" title="截止失真"></a>截止失真</h4><p><img src="http://m.qpic.cn/psc?/V11NehB63qJi50/xZikVHqhLrt9jsfqm9tF*Xrzau2zuYbDHZZ063Iz2GQmqpfbn8RxeKLuproVp16EgVF0fK0Sv.ubOzQvV8*LbQ!!/b&amp;bo=ZwRNAgAAAAADBw4!&amp;rf=viewer_4" alt="alt"></p>
<p>与上面分析过程类似，失真的原因是由于一部分的输入电压工作在了输入截止区，造成了最后输出电压顶部失真。解决方法就是增大$V_{BB}$</p>
<h4 id="饱和失真"><a href="#饱和失真" class="headerlink" title="饱和失真"></a>饱和失真</h4><p><img src="http://m.qpic.cn/psc?/V11NehB63qJi50/9vuGDcz9AP*EJeMjs9i.nto0fk4X1gNWBSjYm2*9OASKbjwwyowp*fwWmABKpuLKPfX70elRLWzXr2*UhKEt2Kh4fC6dmF3p.hFbnRocyEQ!/b&amp;bo=ZARiAgAAAAADJwI!&amp;rf=viewer_4" alt="alt"></p>
<p>饱和失真是由于某个$i_B$所对应的$i_C$工作在饱和区，这就使得$i_B$和$i_C$在对应上不再是完全线性对应，进而使得输出电压波形底部失真。</p>
<p>解决方法有两种思路：一种是把静态工作点向下移，另一种是把直线变得平缓。</p>
<p>但是两种方法中更改电源电压显然不是好方法，在实际应用中，仅仅为了解决饱和失真而修改电源显然得不偿失。</p>
<h3 id="最大不失真饱和电压"><a href="#最大不失真饱和电压" class="headerlink" title="最大不失真饱和电压"></a>最大不失真饱和电压</h3><p>最大不失真饱和电压用<strong>有效值</strong>表示，根据实际情况判断。</p>

      
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              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#放大的概念"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">放大的概念</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#放大电路的性能指标"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">放大电路的性能指标</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#研究参数"><span class="nav-number">2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">研究参数</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#通频带"><span class="nav-number">2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">通频带</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#基本共射放大电路的组成及各元件的作用"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">基本共射放大电路的组成及各元件的作用</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#设置静态工作点的必要性"><span class="nav-number">3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">设置静态工作点的必要性</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#放大电路的组成原则和两种实用的基本放大电路"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">放大电路的组成原则和两种实用的基本放大电路</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#放大电路的组成原则"><span class="nav-number">4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">放大电路的组成原则</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#直接耦合放大电路"><span class="nav-number">4.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">直接耦合放大电路</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#阻容耦合放大电路"><span class="nav-number">4.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">阻容耦合放大电路</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#放大电路的直流通路和交流通路"><span class="nav-number">4.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">放大电路的直流通路和交流通路</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#图解法分析放大电路"><span class="nav-number">4.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">图解法分析放大电路</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#图解法分析失真"><span class="nav-number">4.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">图解法分析失真</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#截止失真"><span class="nav-number">4.6.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">截止失真</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#饱和失真"><span class="nav-number">4.6.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">饱和失真</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#最大不失真饱和电压"><span class="nav-number">4.7.</span> <span class="nav-text">最大不失真饱和电压</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></div>
            

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